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Jin Yin Hua
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Pinyin: Jin Yin Hua
Chinese: 金银花
Pharmaceutical: Flos Lonicerae japonicae
Taxonomy: Lonicera japonica
English: Honeysuckle Flower |
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Tastes: Pungent, slightly bitter, cold
Meridians Entered: Lung, heart, stomach and large intestine |
Actions & Indications:
- Clears Heat and resolves Fire Toxicity
Hot, painful sores and skin eruptions in various stages of development, especially breast, throat and eyes
Intestinal abscesses
- Vents and disperses External Wind-Heat
Early-Stage Wind-Heat Warm-Heat pathogen with fever, chills, slight aversion to Wind, sore throat and headache
External Summerheat
- Clears Damp-Heat from the Lower Jiao
Damp-Heat in the Lower Jiao with dysentery or Lin Syndrome
- Cools the Blood and stops bleeding (charred)
Blood Heat dysentery
- Releases the Exterior and Drives Out Snakes
Gu Sydnrome (Fruehauf, 1998)
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
Mysterious bruises due to Ghost Strike (鬼擊) (Wilcox, 2024)
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Standard Dosage: 6-30g in decoction. Small doses are for expelling Wind-Heat, large doses for Toxic Heat sores. Can be up to 90g in extreme cases (e.g. Si Miao Yong An Tang).
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Zi Su Ye
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Pinyin: Zi Su Ye
Chinese: 紫苏叶
Pharmaceutical: Folium Perillae
English: Perilla Leaf |
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Tastes: Pungent, warm
Meridians Entered: Lung, Spleen and Stomach |
Actions & Indications:
- Releases the Exterior and disperses Cold
Wind-Cold with fever, chills, headache, nasal congestion, cough or a stifling sensation in the chest (especially in older people)
- Promotes the movement of Spleen and Stomach Qi and Harmonizes the Middle Jiao
Spleen/Stomach Qi Stagnation with nausea, vomiting, or anorexia
Intestinal gas
- Improves Lung function and expands the chest
Asthma
Chest distention
Cold induced wheezing
- Calms the fetus and alleviates morning sickness
Restless fetus and morning sickness
- Alleviates seafood poisoning Detoxifies any type of allergy
Seafood poisoning (fish and crab), used alone or in combination
- Releases the Exterior and Drives Out Snakes
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
One of the chief herbs for treating Gu Syndrome, along with Bo He and Bai Zhi, classed as "open the exterior with snake killing herbs" (Fruehauf, 1998).
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Standard Dosage: 5-10g in decoction.
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Bai Zhi
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Pinyin: Bai Zhi
Chinese: 白芷
Pharmaceutical: Radix Angelicae dahuricae
Taxonomy: Angelica dahurica
English: Dahurian Angelica Root |
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Tastes: Pungent and warm
Meridians Entered: Lung, Stomach and Large Intestine |
Actions & Indications:
- Expels Wind, eliminates Dampness, unblocks the nasal passages, dispels Cold and alleviates pain
External Wind-Cold patterns, especially with headache
Supra orbital pain, nasal congestion and toothache, arthritis
Any External Wind invasion of the Yangming channels of the head with a frontal headache
- Reduces swelling, eliminates toxins and expels pus
Early-stage superficial sores, boils and carbuncles, pruritis
- Expels Dampness, alleviates discharge and treats leukorrhea and diarrhoea
Vaginal discharge due to Cold-Dampness in the Lower Jiao
- Releases the Exterior and Drives Out Snakes
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
One of the chief herbs for treating Gu Syndrome, along with Bo He and Zi Su Ye, classed as "open the exterior with snake killing herbs" (Fruehauf, 1998).
Also used topically for fungal infections which may explain some of its anti-Gu actions.
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Standard Dosage: 3-10g in decoction.
Cautions: It should be used with cautions for Blood Heat induced by Yin deficiency because of its pungent, fragrant, warm, dry property. |
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Dang Gui
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Pinyin: Dang Gui
Chinese: 當歸
Pharmaceutical: Radix Angelicae sinensis
Taxonomy: Angelica sinensis
English: Chinese Angelica Root / Tang-Kuei / Dong Quai Root |
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Tastes: Sweet, Pungent, Warm
Meridians Entered: Heart and Liver |
Actions & Indications:
- Tonifies the Blood and regulates the menses
Blood Deficiency, especially when affecting the Heart and Liver with pale, ashen complexion, lusterless nails, tinnitus, blurred vision and palpitations
Blood Deficiency associated irregular menstruation, amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea
- Invigorates and harmonizes the Blood and disperses Cold (stops pain due to Blood Stasis)
Blood Stasis causing abdominal pain and carbuncles and pain due to Blood Stasis from traumatic injury, especially when accompanied by Deficiency Cold
Postpartum menstruation
Pregnancy (use with caution)
Blood Deficiency with chronic Wind-Damp-Bi
- Moistens the Intestines and unblocks the bowels
Dry Intestines due to Blood Deficiency
- Reduces swelling, expels pus, generates flesh and alleviates pain
Sores and abscess (Chuang Yung), internally and topically
- Stops coughing and treats dyspnea
Used adjunctively for coughing
- Tonifies the Blood while suppressing Parasites
Gu Sydnrome (Fruehauf, 1998)
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
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Standard Dosage: 6-12g in decoction.
Cautions: It is contraindicated in cases of Damp-Heat stagnating in the Middle, Lung Heat with Phlegm Fire, and Yin deficiency with effulgent Yang because it is warm and sweet in properties. In addition, it should be used with caution in cases of loose stool because it can moisten intestines to smooth stool.
Many sources recommend using caution, avoiding or only taking under guidance of a TCM physician during pregnancy as it can cause uterine contractions. However, there are no studies supporting this and the only scientific literature seems to suggest that Z-Ligustilide has anti-spasmodic activities that alleviate dysmenorrhoea by inhibiting uterine contractions (Du et al., 2006; Dietz et al., 2016).
Caution is also advised in breast cancer patients due to its oestrogen stimulating activity. This based upon Lau et al (2005) who found it may stimulate breast cancer growth in vitro, however Yue et al, (2019) demonstrated that it is not that stimulatory in breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo through a series of tests, although they suggested it should still be used with caution in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Conversely, a large population study in Taiwan by Wu et al (2014) found it reduced the subsequent risk of endometrial cancer in breast cancer survivors taking tamoxifen, especially in those of reproductive age. |
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Chuan Xiong
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Pinyin: Chuan Xiong
Chinese: 川芎
Pharmaceutical: Rhizoma Ligusticum
Taxonomy: Ligusticum chuanxiong syn. striatum syn. wallichii
English: Sichuan Lovage root / Cnidium root |
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Tastes: Pungent, warm
Meridians Entered: Liver and Pericardium |
Actions & Indications:
- Invigorates the Blood and promotes the movement of Qi
Blood Stasis, especially in gynecology with dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, difficult labor or retained lochia
Qi and Blood Stagnation with pain and soreness in the chest, flanks and hypochondria
- Expels Wind and alleviates pain
Externally contracted Wind with headache, dizziness or painful obstruction (Bi Syndrome) - especially useful for headaches due to Wind-Heat, Wind-Cold or Blood Deficiency (depending on the combination)
Wind skin disorders
- Relieves the symptoms of Gu Syndrome while suppressing parasites (Fruehauf, 1998)
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
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Standard Dosage: 3-10g in decoction.
Cautions: It is contraindicated for headache due to Liver Yang rising or Yin deficiency with effulgent Fire because of its warm and dry properties.
Use with caution during pregnancy or in those who bruise or bleed easily.
May have synergistic effects in those taking anticoagulant drugs. |
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Huang Qi
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Pinyin: Huang Qi
Chinese: 黄芪
Pharmaceutical: Radix Astragali
Taxonomy: Astragalus membranaceus
English: Astragalus Root / Mongolian Milkvetch Root |
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Tastes: Sweet, warm
Meridians Entered: Lung and Spleen |
Actions & Indications:
- Tonifies Qi and Blood
Postpartum fever due to Qi and Blood Deficiency
Recovery from severe Blood loss
- Strengthens the Spleen and raises the Yang Qi of the Spleen and Stomach
Spleen Qi Deficiency with anorexia, fatigue and diarrhoea
Central Qi Sinking (prolapse)
Lung and Spleen Qi Deficiency
Qi Failing to contain Blood
Qi and Blood Deficiency
Fever from Qi Deficiency
- Tonifies Wei Qi, stabilizes the Exterior and tonifies the Lungs (aids circulation of moisture downward from the face)
Wei Qi Deficiency with spontaneous sweating
Lung Qi Deficiency with frequent colds or shortness of breath
Excessive sweating associated with Qi, Yang or Yin Deficiency
Dampness in the head
- Promotes urination and reduces oedema
Spleen Deficiency oedema or superficial oedema with reduced urination (It can be used as a stand-alone herb for this)
- Promotes the discharge of pus, generates flesh and expels toxins
Chronic ulcerations and sores that either have trouble forming pus or have formed pus but are not draining well
- Generates Body Fluids
Wasting and thirsting disorder (消渴 Xiao Ke)
Bi Syndrome with numbness of the limbs and paralysis
- Relieves numbness and pain
Numbness and pain due to Deficiency of Qi and Blood
- Tonifies the Qi while suppressing Parasites
Gu Sydnrome (Fruehauf, 1998)
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
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Standard Dosage: 10-15g in decoction. Large dosages of up to 30g can be used for severe debilitation, Blood deficiency or unhealing sores (e.g. Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang).
Cautions: It is contraindicated in cases of exterior excess with excessive pathogen, internal obstruction, yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity, early stage of sores and ulcers of excessive pathogen and no deficiency of heathy qi, because it can tonify qi, raise yang and strengthen superficial.Caution with patients on immunosuppressents due to its immune modulating effects. |
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Gan Cao
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Pinyin: Gan Cao
Chinese: 甘草
Pharmaceutical: Radix Glycyrrhizae
Taxonomy: Glycyrrhiza uralensis seu glabra seu inflata
English: Liquorice Root |
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Tastes: Sweet, slightly cold
Meridians Entered: Heart, Lung and Spleen (and all 12 meridians) |
Actions & Indications:
- Tonifies the Spleen and augments Qi
Spleen Qi Deficiency with shortness of breath, lassitude and loose stools
Qi and Blood Deficiency with an irregular pulse and/or palpitations
Heart Qi Deficiency or Heart Yang Deficiency
- Moistens the Lungs, resolves Phlegm and stops coughing
Lung Heat or Cold
Productive or non-productive coughing
- Moderates spasms and alleviates pain
Painful muscle spasms of the abdomen and legs
- Clears Heat and relieves Fire Toxicity
Raw for Toxic Heat with sore throat or carbuncles and sores (Chuang Yung)
- Antidote for many toxic substances (internal and topical)
Poisoning
Bites (after washing the wound, chew Gan Cao and apply a thick layer on the bite wound, changing whenever it dries out; Bao Xiang-Ao, 1846, New Compilation of Proven Formulas)
- Moderates and harmonizes the harsh properties of other herbs and guides the herbs to all twelve channels
Often added in small doses to harmonise formulas
- Tonifies the Qi while suppressing Parasites
Gu Sydnrome (Fruehauf, 1998)
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
- Aids fasting
Mentioned in the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing as part of the superior class of herbs which can, with protracted taking, make the body light and prolong life. This may suggest it was part of supplementing the diet when engaging in an "avoiding grain" (Bigu 辟穀) fasting regime to cultivate life (Yangsheng 養生).
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Standard Dosage: Typically 1.5-9g in decoction. Large doses can be up 30g.
Cautions: It is contraindicated for combining with Hai Zao, Da Ji, Gan Sui and Yuan Hua because of "eighteen antagonisms". It is also contraindicated in cases of dampness obstruction in middle energizer and edema because it can help dampness obstruct qi, and it is prohibited from long-term usage in large dosage (more than 20g/day) and should be avoided or used with extreme caution in patients with high blood pressure because it may raise aldosterone levels in the blood causing retention of sodium.
The NHS recommends avoiding during pregnancy. |
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Bai He
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Pinyin: Bai He
Chinese: 百合
Pharmaceutical: Bulbus Lilii
English: Lily Bulb |
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Tastes: Sweet, slightly cold
Meridians Entered: Lung and Heart |
Actions & Indications:
- Nourishes Yin, moistens the Lungs, clears Heat and stops coughing
Dry coughs or sore throat due to Lung Yin Deficiency, dry Lungs or Lung Heat
Especially useful for Lung Yin Deficiency
- Clears the Heart and calms the Spirit
Intractable low-grade fever, insomnia, restlessness and irritability in the aftermath of febrile disease
Heart Fire
Palpitations due to insufficiency of Qi and Yin
One of the chief spirit calming herbs for Gu Sydnrome with Qi and Yin deficiency (Fruehauf, 1998)
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
- Nourishes Stomach Yin and harmonizes the Middle Jiao
Pain associated with Stomach Yin Deficiency
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Standard Dosage: 10-30g in decoction.
Cautions: All lilies are acutely nephrotoxic to cats and some other animals due to the high level of insoluble calcium oxalate so should be not be used in vetinary formulas without absolute certainty that the animal in question is not vulnerable. Long term consumption of oxalates in humans can also lead to kidney stone formation. |
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Huang Jing
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Pinyin: Huang Jing
Chinese: 黄精
Pharmaceutical: Rhizoma Polygonati
Taxonomy: Polygonatum sibiricum seu kinganum seu cyrtonema
English: Solomon's Seal Root / Tai Yang Cao |
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Tastes: Sweet, neutral to warm
Meridians Entered: Spleen, Lung and Kidney |
Actions & Indications:
- Tonifies Spleen Qi and nurtures Stomach Yin
Spleen and Stomach Qi Deficiency with lassitude, fatigue, loss of appetite and poor mental focus
Stomach Yin Deficiency with a dry mouth, loss of appetite, loss of taste, dry stools and abdominal distention due to Qi Stagnation
Used to be used during times of famine as a source of nutrition and appetite suppressant
- Moistens Lung Yin
Lung Qi and Yin Deficiency with a dry cough, little sputum, and cough due to consumption
Any type of cough where Dryness is significant
- Tonifies the Kidney Blood and Yin, strengthens Jing and relieves wasting and thirsting
Kidney Yin and Jing Deficiency with lower back pain, light-headedness, weakness of the lower extremities and memory loss
Often used as a less cloying alternative to Shu Di Huang as it tonifies Kidney Yin and Spleen Qi
Wasting and thirsting disorder, can be used for both weight gain in the malnourished and to stabilise blood sugars in the obese.
Irregular heart rhythms, elevated cholesterol or low immunity (low WBC) due to Blood deficiency
Developmental issues in children
- Kills Parasites and calms the spirit
One of the chief spirit calming herbs for Gu Sydnrome considered by Hua Tuo as both an energy tonic with a calming influence on meditation and as an anti-parasitic herb (Fruehauf, 1998)
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
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Standard Dosage: 10-15g in decoction.
Cautions: It should be used with cautions for dampness accumulation due to spleen deficiency, damp-phlegm stagnation and distending abdomen due to qi stagnation because of sticky and greasy properties. |
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San Leng
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Pinyin: San Leng
Chinese: 三棱
Pharmaceutical: Rhizoma Sparganii
English: Burr-Reed Rhizome |
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Tastes: Pungent, bitter, neutral
Meridians Entered: Liver and Spleen |
Actions & Indications:
- Forcefully breaks up Blood Stasis, regulates Qi and alleviates pain
Blood Stasis with amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain and abdominal masses
Relieves the symptoms of Gu Sydnrome while suppressing parasites (Fruehauf, 1998)
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
- Dissolves accumulations
Food Stagnation and Qi Stagnation with severe abdominal pain and distention
- Regulates menstruation
Menstrual irregularities
- Promotes lactation
Agalactia
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Standard Dosage: 3-10g in decoction.
Cautions: Same as E Zhu. This herb is drastic in property with the disadvantage of consuming qi and impairing blood. Do not overtake long. Prohibited for pregnant women and during menstrual periods. |
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E Zhu
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Pinyin: E Zhu
Chinese: 莪朮
Pharmaceutical: Rhizoma Curcumae zedoariae
Taxonomy: Curcuma zedoaria
English: White Turmeric Root |
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Tastes: Pungent, bitter, warm
Meridians Entered: Liver and Spleen |
Actions & Indications:
- Invigorates Blood circulation, dispels Blood Stasis, regulates Qi and alleviates pain
Blood Stasis with abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, abdominal masses and epigastric masses
- Dissolves accumulations and alleviates pain
Food Stagnation with pain, distention, fullness and constriction in the chest and abdomen
Childhood nutritional impairment
Relieves the symptoms of Gu Sydnrome while suppressing parasites (Fruehauf, 1998)
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
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Standard Dosage: 3-15g in decoction.
Cautions: This herb is drastic in property with the disadvantage of consuming qi and impairing blood. Do not overtake long. Prohibited for pregnant women and during menstrual periods.
Due to its ability to increase bile secretion, caution should be used in cases of gallstones and avoided in biliary tract obstruction. |
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Ding Xiang
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Pinyin: Ding Xiang
Chinese: 丁香
Pharmaceutical: Flos Caryophylli
Taxonomy: Caryophyllus aromaticus / Syzygium aromaticum
English: Clove |
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Tastes: Pungent, warm
Meridians Entered: Spleen, Stomach, Lung and Kidney |
Actions & Indications:
- Warms the Middle Jiao, relieves pain and descends Qi
Stomach Cold with vomiting, hiccup, abdominal pain and diarrhoea
Spleen and Stomach Deficiency Cold with anorexia, vomiting and diarrhoea
Bad breath (chew whole clove), toothache (apply oil to gum)
- Warms the Kidneys and assists Yang
Impotence or clear vaginal discharge from Cold in the Womb (usually accompanied by weak legs) due to Kidney Yang Deficiency
- Kills Parasites and expels Demons
Gu Sydnrome (Fruehauf, 1998)
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
Can also be used as an insect repellent.
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Standard Dosage: 1-3g in decoction.
Cautions: It is incompatible with Yu Jin (nineteen incompatibilities). It should be used with cautions for heat syndrome and yin deficiency with interior heat. |
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Ku Shen
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Pinyin: Ku Shen
Chinese: 苦參
Pharmaceutical: Radix Sophorae
Taxonomy: Sophorae flavescentis
English: Shrubby Sophora Root |
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Tastes: Bitter and cold, liver
Meridians Entered: Gallbladder, Stomach, Large Intestine and Bladder |
Actions & Indications:
- Clears Heat and dries Dampness
Damp-Heat in the Lower Jiao with jaundice, diarrhoea, dysenteric disorders, vaginal discharge and sores, viral hepatitis
- Disperses Wind, kills parasites and stops itching
Damp-toxin skin lesions or infestations with chronic itching, scabies, seepage and bleeding (internal and topical)
Genital itching and vaginal discharge (internal and topical)
Bronchial asthma
- Clears Heat and promotes urination
Damp-Heat in the Small Intestine
Painful urinary dysfunction
Hot oedema
- Expels Gu Parasites
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
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Standard Dosage: 3-6g in decoction.
Cautions: It is contraindicated for deficiency cold syndrome. Overdose will weaken appetite and consume fluids, and may produce salivation, abnormal gait, dyspnpoea and tachycardia. In larger doses, nervous system stimulation with muscle spasm and seizures can occur.
This herb can not be used together with Li Lu being listed in the eighteen antagonisms. |
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She Chuang Zi
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Pinyin: She Chuang Zi
Chinese: 蛇床子
Pharmaceutical: Fructus Cnidii
Taxonomy: Cnidium monnieri
English: Cnidium Seed |
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Tastes: Pungent, bitter, warm, slight toxic
Meridians Entered: Kidney |
Actions & Indications:
- Dries Dampness, kills parasites and stops itching topically
Topically as a powder or ointment for weeping, itchy skin lesions (especially genital)
Scabies and tinea
- Kills Parasites and expels Demons internally
Gu Sydnrome (Fruehauf, 1998)
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
- Disperses Cold, dispels Wind and dries Dampness
Vaginal discharge due to Cold-Dampness
Wind-Cold-Dampness affecting the Kidneys and Du channel with lower back pain
- Warms and tonifies the Kidneys and strengthens Yang
Impotence or infertility due to Kidney Yang Deficiency or Cold Womb
- Aids fasting
Mentioned in the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing as part of the superior class of herbs which can, with protracted taking, make the body light. This may suggest it was part of supplementing the diet when engaging in an "avoiding grain" (Bigu 辟穀) fasting regime to cultivate life (Yangsheng 養生).
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Standard Dosage: 3-9g in decoction. Usually prepared as a wash or steam bath.
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Guan Zhong
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Pinyin: Guan Zhong
Chinese: 貫眾
Pharmaceutical: Rhizoma Cyrtomii
English: Holly Fern / Fortune's Cyrtomium |
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Tastes: Pungent, cold, slightly toxic
Meridians Entered: Liver, Lung and Stomach |
Actions & Indications:
- Kills parasites
Intestinal parasites including tapeworms, roundworms, pinworms (mild effect), liver fluke, threadworms and hookworms
- Clears Heat and relieves Fire toxicity
Warm-Heat toxic diseases with Fire Blazing (regardless of the level), measles, encephalitis, pneumonia
- Cools the Blood and stops bleeding
Blood Heat bleeding, all types of bleeding, especially uterine bleeding
- Expels Gu Parasites
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
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Standard Dosage: 5-10g in decoction.
Cautions: Since it is slightly poisonous, overdosage should be avoided. Oily food is prohibited while taking this herb. It should be used cautiously to pregnant women. |
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Bai Bian Dou
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Pinyin: Bian Dou
Chinese: 扁豆
Pharmaceutical: Semen Lablab
Taxonomy: Lablab album
English: White Hyacinth Bean |
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Tastes: Sweet, slightly bitter
Meridians Entered: Spleen and Stomach |
Actions & Indications:
- Clears Summerheat and resolves Dampness
Summerheat with pronounced or chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, nausea, vomiting and loud borborygmus
- Strengthens the Spleen
Spleen Deficiency
- Expels Gu Parasites
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
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Standard Dosage: 10-30g in decoction.
Cautions: Raw material is toxic. It should be stir baked for use. |
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