Ru Xiang
| 15g | |
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Pinyin: Ru Xiang
Chinese: 乳香
Pharmaceutical: Olibanum
Taxonomy: Boswellia serrata
English: Frankincense
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Tastes: Pungent, bitter, warm
Meridians Entered: Liver, Heart and Spleen
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Actions & Indications:
- Invigorates the Blood and promotes the movement of Qi
Pain due to Blood Stasis from traumatic injury Early stage toxic sores, carbuncles, swellings and pain
Blood Stasis with chest, epigastric or abdominal pain
- Relaxes the sinews, activates the channels and alleviates pain
Wind-Damp Bi with rigidity and spasms
- Reduces swelling and generates flesh
Topically as an ointment or powder to reduce swelling, generate flesh, alleviate pain and promote healing of sores, carbuncles, and traumatic injury
Pain, redness and swelling of the gums, mouth and throat
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Standard Dosage: 3-10g in decoction.
Cautions: This herb is drasticly pungent with strong stimulation to stomach and easily causes nausea and vomiting. So it should not be taken by large dose or for a long time. Use with cautions for patients with weak stomach; prohibited for pregnant women. |
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Mo Yao
| 15g | |
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Pinyin: Mo Yao
Chinese: 沒藥
Pharmaceutical: Resina Commiphorae
Taxonomy: Commiphora mukul
English: Myrrh
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Tastes: Pungent, Bitter, Neutral
Meridians Entered: Heart, Liver and Spleen
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Actions & Indications:
- Invigorates the Blood, dispels Blood Stasis, alleviates pain and reduces swelling
Blood Stasis with pain from trauma, sores, carbuncles, swellings, fixed abdominal masses, painful obstruction, chest pain, abdominal pain and amenorrhea
- Generates flesh and promotes healing
Chronic non-healing sores
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Standard Dosage: 3-10g in decocotion.
Cautions: Like Ru Xiang this herb is drastically pungent with strong stimulation to stomach and easily causes nausea and vomiting. It should not be taken by large dose or for a long time. Use with cautions for patients with weak stomach; prohibited for pregnant women. |
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Xue Jie
| 15g | |
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Pinyin: Xue Jie
Chinese: 血竭
Pharmaceutical: Sanguis Draconis
Taxonomy: Calamus draco seu rotang seu didymophyllus seu Dracaena draco seu cinnabaris seu cochinchinensis seu Croton lechleri seu draconoides seu palanostigma seu perpecosus seu rimbachii seu sampatik seu erythrochilus seu Pterocarpus officinalis
English: Dragon's Blood / Calamus Resin / Dracaena Resin / Croton Resin
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Tastes: Sweet, salty, neutral
Meridians Entered: Heart and Liver
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Actions & Indications:
- Invigorates the Blood, dispels Blood Stasis and alleviates pain
Pain from Blood Stasis, especially due to traumatic injury such as injury from falls, fractures, contusions and sprains
- Stops bleeding
Applied topically for bleeding due to external injury
- Protects the surface of ulcers, prevents decay and generates flesh
Chronic non-healing ulcers and cancers
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Standard Dosage: 1-2g in pill or powder for internal use.
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Bei Mu
| 9g | |
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Pinyin: Bei Mu
Chinese: 贝母
Pharmaceutical: Bulbus Fritillariae
Taxonomy: Fritillaria spp.
English: Fritillaria Bulb
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Tastes: Bitter, sweet, lightly cold
Meridians Entered: Lung and Heart
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Actions & Indications:
- Clears Heat, transforms Phlegm and stops coughing
Acute Lung Heat patterns with productive cough
- Clears Heat and dissipates nodules
Phlegm-Fire causing neck swellings (Chuang Yung) Lung and breast abscesses
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Standard Dosage: 3-10g in decoction.
Cautions: Contraindicated to Wu Tou. |
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Qiang Huo
| 15g | |
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Pinyin: Qiang Huo
Chinese: 羌活
Pharmaceutical: Rhizoma seu Radix Notopterygii
Taxonomy: Notopterygium incisium, N. forbesii
English: Notopterygium Root and Rhizome
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Tastes: Pungent, bitter, warm
Meridians Entered: Bladder and Kidney
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Actions & Indications:
- Releases the Exterior and disperses Cold
Wind-Cold with chills, fever, headache, body aches and pains
Usually used when accompanied by Dampness with joint pain, a general feeling of heaviness, sleepiness or occipital pain
- Expels Wind-Cold-Dampness, unblocks painful obstruction and alleviates pain
Wind-Cold-Damp Bi especially in the upper limbs and back
- Guides Qi to the Taiyang and Du channels
Directs the other herbs to the Taiyang and Du channels
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Standard Dosage: 3-10g in decoction.
Cautions: It should be used with cautions for blood deficiency because of its strong pungent, fragrant, warm and dry property. It is not appropriate for weakness of spleen and stomach because large dose of this herb induces vomiting. |
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Mu Xiang
| 6g | |
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Pinyin: Mu Xiang
Chinese: 木香
Pharmaceutical: Radix Aucklandiae
English: Costus Root
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Tastes: Pungent, bitter, warm
Meridians Entered: Spleen, Stomach, Large Intestine and Gall Bladder
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Actions & Indications:
- Promotes the movement of Qi and alleviates pain
Spleen/Stomach Qi Stagnation with anorexia, a feeling of food sitting in the Stomach, epigastric or abdominal pain or distention, nausea and vomiting
Liver or Gallbladder Qi Stagnation with flank pain, distention or soreness
Relieves the symptoms of Gu Sydnrome while suppressing parasites (Fruehauf, 1998)
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
- Adjusts and regulates stagnant Qi in the Intestines
Intestinal Qi Stagnation with diarrhoea or dysenteric disorders, abdominal pain and tenesmus
- Strengthens the Spleen and prevents Stagnation
Stagnation from tonic herbs, especially when the transportive and transformative functions of the Spleen are weak
- Dispels Damp-Heat and harmonizes the Liver and Spleen
Disharmony of the Liver and Spleen with hypochondriac pain and distention, a bitter taste in the mouth, a yellow tongue coat and possibly jaundice
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Standard Dosage: 3-10g in decoction.
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Hou Po
| 9g | |
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Pinyin: Hou Po
Chinese: 厚朴
Pharmaceutical: Cortex Magnoliae
Taxonomy: Magnolia officinalis
English: Magnolia Bark
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Tastes: Bitter, pungent, warm
Meridians Entered: Spleen, Stomach, Lung and Large Intestine
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Actions & Indications:
- Promotes the movement of Qi in the Middle Jiao and resolves Stagnation
Abdominal, epigastric, and/or chest fullness, bloating, loss of appetite, poor digestion, constipation
Plum Pit Qi, a feeling of a lump in throat, usually considered psychosomatic today (globus hystericus). Hou Po has modern indications as neuroprotective and also features in formulas like Da/Xiao Cheng Qi Tang which deal with neuropsychiatric symptoms like delirium.
- Promotes the movement of Qi downward, dries Dampness and transforms Phlegm
Dampness or Phlegm Obstructing the Middle Jiao with distention, fullness, nausea and diarrhoea
- Descends Rebellious Qi, reduces Phlegm and calms wheezing
Cough and wheezing due to Phlegm congesting the Lungs
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Standard Dosage: 3-10g in decoction.
Cautions: It should be used with cautions for the syndrome of qi deficiency and fluid consumption, and in pregnant women. Due to some of the anticoagulant effects of its constituents it should be used with caution in conjunction with blood thinners. |
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Zhi Chuan Wu
| 3g | |
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Pinyin: Chuan Wu
Chinese: 川乌
Pharmaceutical: Radix Aconiti Preparata
Taxonomy: Aconitum carmichaeli
English: Sichuan Aconite Root / Monkshood Mother Root
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Tastes: Pungent, bitter, hot, strongly toxic
Meridians Entered: Heart, Liver, Kidney and Spleen
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Actions & Indications:
- Expels Wind-Dampness, disperses Cold, warms and activates the channels and stops pain
Wind-Damp Painful Obstruction (Bi) with
Severe sub-cardiac and abdominal pain from Wind-Cold-Dampness
Headache
Trauma
Anesthesia
(Can be applied topically)
- Reduces swellings, induces ulceration and dispels putrefication
Topically for Yin flat abscesses
Used when hard abscesses do not soften and ulcerate or do not heal
- Treats unconsciousness caused by Phlegm Stagnation
Unprocessed can treat unconsciousness, deviation of the mouth and eyes and a roaring sound of Phlegm in the throat (very rare usage)
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Standard Dosage: 1.5-3g in decoction.
Cautions: It is contraindicated to pregnancy, and antagonistic to Ban Xia, Gua Lou, Bei Mu, Bai Lian and Bai Ji. It should be processed for oral administration by decocting until no numbing taste is left before adding the other herbs. Caution should be paid when the crude products are taken orally or it is used in wine soak and decocted in wine which will easily lead to toxic reactions.
This herb is prohibited from use in the UK under the banned and restricted herbal ingredients list issued by the MHRA. It is generally substituted with various Yang tonics depending on the presentation although none can imitate its powerful cardiovascular effects making them ineffective substitutes for rescuing devastated Yang. External use is permitted at 1.3% or below. |
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Zhi Cao Wu
| 3g | |
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Pinyin: Cao Wu / Wu Tou
Chinese: 草烏 / 烏頭
Pharmaceutical: Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii seu Agrestis
Taxonomy: Aconitum Kusnezoffii seu Agrestis
English: Wild Aconite Root / Kusnezoff Monkshood Root / Monkshood Daughter Root
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Tastes: Pungent, bitter, hot, toxic
Meridians Entered: Heart, Liver, Kidney and Spleen
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Actions & Indications:
- Disperses Cold, scours out Wind, overcomes Dampness and stops pain
Almost exclusively used topically
Gu Parasites /
chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
- Reduces swellings and treats abscesses and lesions
Yin sores
Stubborn sores that do not ulcerate
Ulcerated sores that do not heal
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Standard Dosage: 1.5-3g in decoction, or applied externally.
Cautions: The raw products should be used cautiously and decocted for a long time to detoxify prior to adding the other ingredients. It is antagonistic to Ban Xia, Gua Lou, Bei Mu, Bai Lian and Bai Ji.
This herb is prohibited from use in the UK under the banned and restricted herbal ingredients list issued by the MHRA. It is generally substituted with various Yang tonics depending on the presentation although none can imitate its powerful cardiovascular effects making them ineffective substitutes for rescuing devastated Yang. External use is permitted at 1.3% or below. |
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Bai Zhi
| 24g | |
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Pinyin: Bai Zhi
Chinese: 白芷
Pharmaceutical: Radix Angelicae dahuricae
Taxonomy: Angelica dahurica
English: Dahurian Angelica Root
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Tastes: Pungent and warm
Meridians Entered: Lung, Stomach and Large Intestine
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Actions & Indications:
- Expels Wind, eliminates Dampness, unblocks the nasal passages, dispels Cold and alleviates pain
External Wind-Cold patterns, especially with headache
Supra orbital pain, nasal congestion and toothache, arthritis
Any External Wind invasion of the Yangming channels of the head with a frontal headache
- Reduces swelling, eliminates toxins and expels pus
Early-stage superficial sores, boils and carbuncles, pruritis
- Expels Dampness, alleviates discharge and treats leukorrhea and diarrhoea
Vaginal discharge due to Cold-Dampness in the Lower Jiao
- Kills Gu Parasites and Scatters Toxins by Releasing the Exterior
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
One of the chief herbs for treating Gu Syndrome, along with Bo He and Zi Su Ye, classed as "open the exterior with snake killing herbs" (Fruehauf, 1998).
Also used topically for fungal infections which may explain some of its anti-Gu actions.
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Standard Dosage: 3-10g in decoction.
Cautions: It should be used with cautions for Blood Heat induced by Yin deficiency because of its pungent, fragrant, warm, dry property. |
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She Xiang
| 1.5g | |
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Pinyin: She Xiang
Chinese: 麝香
Pharmaceutical: Moschus
English: Musk
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Tastes: Pungent, warm
Meridians Entered: Heart, Liver and Spleen
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Actions & Indications:
- Strongly opens the Orifices and Luo vessels, revives the Spirit and unblocks closed disorders
Ying Stage Heat Attacks the Pericardium due to a Warm pathogen disease with convulsions, delirium, stupor and fainting Closed disorders (Yang Obstruction, Yin Obstruction, Phlegm Obstruction) Tetanic collapse Seizures
- Invigorates the Blood, dissipates masses, reduces swellings, detoxifies, opens the channels and alleviates pain
Severe problems due to Blood Stasis including fixed palpable masses, toxic sores and carbuncles Obstructions of the channels and collaterals due to traumatic injury or painful obstruction Coronary artery disease
- Hastens delivery and facilitates the passage of stillborns (induces abortion)
Labor Dead fetus or placenta fail to descend
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Standard Dosage: 0.03-1g as pills or powder. Should not be decocted.
Cautions: Animal products are prohibited from use in the UK under the Medicines Act 1968 ch. 67 which restricts herbalists to the use of plant products only. It is generally substituted with Shi Chang Pu and Ru Xiang. |
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Zi Jing Pi
| 24g | |
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Pinyin: Zi Jing Pi
Chinese: 紫荆皮
Pharmaceutical: Cortex Kadsurae Radicis
English: Chinese Redbud Bark
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Tastes: Bitter, neutral
Meridians Entered: Spleen, Stomach and Liver
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Actions & Indications:
- Invigorates the Blood, cleanses the Blood, regulates menstruation, resolves swelling, removes toxicity and promotes urination
Qi and Blood Stagnation with dysentery, sores and boils, snake and insect bites, traumatic injury, amenorrhea, pharyngitis, rheumatic arthritis and pain
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Standard Dosage: 6-15g in decoction.
Cautions: It is contraindicated to pregnant women. Proper dosage is for external application. Pounded into powder for applying. |
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Xiang Fu
| 15g | |
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Pinyin: Xiang Fu
Chinese: 香附
Pharmaceutical: Rhizoma Cyperi
English: Nut-Grass Rhizome
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Tastes: Pungent, slightly bitter and sweet, bland
Meridians Entered: Liver and Triple Energizer
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Actions & Indications:
- Spreads and regulates Liver Qi
Liver Qi Stagnation with hypochondriac pain and epigastric distention
Disharmony between the Liver and Spleen/li>
- Regulates menstruation and alleviates pain
Gynecological disorders due to Liver Qi Stagnation with dysmenorrhea or irregular menstruation
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Standard Dosage: 6-10g in decoction.
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Xiao Hui Xiang
| 9g | |
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Pinyin: Xiao Hui Xiang
Chinese: 小茴香
Pharmaceutical: Fructus Foeniculi
English: Fennel Seed
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Tastes: Pungent, warm
Meridians Entered: Liver, Kidney, Spleen and Stomach
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Actions & Indications:
- Warms the Liver and Kidneys, expels Cold and alleviates pain
Cold in the Lower Jiao with lower abdominal pain
Cold Invading the Liver Channel with Cold bulging disorders
- Regulates Qi and harmonizes the Stomach
Stomach Cold with abdominal pain, indigestion, reduced appetite and vomiting
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Standard Dosage: 3-6g in decoction.
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Zi Ran Tong
| 15g | |
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Pinyin: Zi Ran Tong
Chinese: 自然铜
Pharmaceutical: Pyritum
Taxonomy: FeS2
English: Pyrite
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Tastes: Pungent, neutral
Meridians Entered: Liver and Kidney
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Actions & Indications:
- Dispels Blood Stasis, relieves pain and promotes healing of bones and sinews
Swellings and pain related to Stasis of Qi and Blood caused by external injury and especially fractures. Promotes healing of fractures
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Standard Dosage: 10-15g in decoction.
Cautions: Mineral products are prohibited from use in the UK under the Medicines Act 1968 ch. 67 which restricts herbalists to the use of plant products only. Du zhong, Xu Duan or Gu Sui Bu would make some appropriate substitutes. |
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Du Huo
| 15g | |
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Pinyin: Du Huo
Chinese: 独活
Pharmaceutical: Radix Angelicae pubescentis seu biserratae
Taxonomy: Angelica pubescens seu biserrata
English: Pubescent Angelica Root / Hairy Angelica Root / Double Teeth Angelica Root
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Tastes: Pungent, bitter, slightly warm
Meridians Entered: Liver, Kidney, and Lung
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Actions & Indications:
- Dispels Wind-Dampness and alleviates pain
Wind-Cold-Damp painful obstruction (Bi Syndrome), especially in the low back and legs (acute and chronic).
- Disperses Wind-Cold-Dampness and releases the Exterior
Exterior Wind-Cold with Dampness
- Treats Shaoyin Level headache and toothache
Shaoyin Level headache and toothache
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Standard Dosage: 3-9g in decoction.
Cautions: Being pungent, fragrant, bitter and dry, it can easily damage yin and body fluid, so it should be used cautiously to treat patients with usual constitution of yin deficiency and blood dryness. |
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Xu Duan
| 15g | |
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Pinyin: Xu Duan
Chinese: 续断
Pharmaceutical: Radix Dipsaci
English: Himalayan Teasel Root
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Tastes: Sweet, pungent, slightly warm
Meridians Entered: Kidney and Liver
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Actions & Indications:
- Tonifies the Liver and Kidneys and strengthens the sinews and bones
Liver and Kidney Deficiency with sore and painful lower back and knees, stiffness in the joints and weakness in the legs
Urinary dribbling from Kidney Deficiency
- Stops uterine bleeding, calms the fetus and prevents miscarriage
Bleeding during pregnancy
Restless fetus
Threatened miscarriage
Ren channel Deficiency related uterine bleeding and vaginal discharge
- Promotes the movement of Blood, alleviates pain, generates flesh and reconnects the sinews and bones
Trauma (topical and internal) especially pain and swelling in the lower back and limbs
External sores (topical)
Bi pain
- Reduces swellings, abscesses and sores
Toxic abscesses and sores
- Expels Gu Parasites
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
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Standard Dosage: 10-15g in decoction.
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Chuan Xiong
| 15g | |
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Pinyin: Chuan Xiong
Chinese: 川芎
Pharmaceutical: Rhizoma Ligusticum
Taxonomy: Ligusticum chuanxiong syn. striatum syn. wallichii
English: Sichuan Lovage root / Cnidium root
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Tastes: Pungent, warm
Meridians Entered: Liver and Pericardium
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Actions & Indications:
- Invigorates the Blood and promotes the movement of Qi
Blood Stasis, especially in gynecology with dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, difficult labor or retained lochia
Qi and Blood Stagnation with pain and soreness in the chest, flanks and hypochondria
- Expels Wind and alleviates pain
Externally contracted Wind with headache, dizziness or painful obstruction (Bi Syndrome) - especially useful for headaches due to Wind-Heat, Wind-Cold or Blood Deficiency (depending on the combination)
Wind skin disorders
- Relieves the symptoms of Gu Syndrome while suppressing parasites (Fruehauf, 1998)
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
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Standard Dosage: 3-10g in decoction.
Cautions: It is contraindicated for headache due to Liver Yang rising or Yin deficiency with effulgent Fire because of its warm and dry properties.
Use with caution during pregnancy or in those who bruise or bleed easily.
May have synergistic effects in those taking anticoagulant drugs. |
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Mu Gua
| 15g | |
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Pinyin: Mu Gua
Chinese: 木瓜
Pharmaceutical: Fructus Chaenomelis
Taxonomy: Chaenomeles sinensis syn. Pseudocydonia sinensis
English: Chinese Quince Fruit
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Tastes: Sour, warm
Meridians Entered: Liver and Spleen
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Actions & Indications:
- Relaxes the sinews (increases Qi and Blood circulation) and unblocks the channels
Damp painful obstruction in the extremities, especially with severe cramping pain and weakness in the low back and legs
- Harmonizes the Stomach, nourishes the Liver and transforms Dampness
Abdominal pain, spasms, calf cramps and oedema due to “leg Qi”. It is especially good for disharmony between the Liver and Spleen leading to leg problems
- Reduces Food Stagnation
Food Stagnation
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Standard Dosage: 6-10g in decoction.
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Rou Gui
| 9g | |
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Pinyin: Rou Gui
Chinese: 肉桂
Pharmaceutical: Cortex Cinnamomi
Taxonomy: Cinnamomum cassia
English: Cinnamon Bark
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Tastes: Pungent, sweet, hot
Meridians Entered: Kidney, Spleen, Heart and Liver
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Actions & Indications:
- Warms the Kidneys, Spleen and Heart and strengthens Yang and Ming Men Fire
Kidney Yang Deficiency and Deficiency of Ming-Men Fire with aversion to Cold, cold limbs, weak back, impotence and urinary frequency
Spleen and Kidney Yang Deficiency with abdominal pain and Cold, reduced appetite and diarrhoea
Kidney Unable to Grasp Qi
Heart Yang Deficiency, particularly with chest Bi
- Disperses deep Cold, warms the channels, unblocks the channels and vessels and alleviates pain
Deep Cold causing Qi Stagnation or Blood Stasis with Cold in the Blood causing amenorrhea or dysmenorrhea, Cold-Damp Bi, Yin-type boils (chronic sores that are usually concave and ooze a clear fluid) and sores or abscesses that do not heal
It enters the Blood aspect and, in small amounts, enhances the Blood moving action of other substances
- Leads the Fire back to its source
Upward Floating of Deficient Yang (False Heat, True Cold or Heat Above and Cold Below) with flushed face, wheezing, severe sweating (the sweat pours out like oil), weak and cold lower extremities and a deficient and rootless pulse
Any condition with Heat in the Upper body (dry mouth, sore throat, or teeth which is worse at night) and Cold in the Lower body (Lower back pain, cold lower extremities, diarrhoea and weakness in the proximal portion of the pulse)
- Assists in the generation of Qi and Blood
Chronic Qi and Blood Deficiency (auxiliary)
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Standard Dosage: 1-5g in decoction. It should be decocted later.
Cautions: It is contraindicated for syndrome of yin deficiency with fire effulgent, haemorrhage due to blood heat and pregnant women. It is incompatible with Chi Shi Zhi (nineteen incompatibilities). |
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Dang Gui
| 24g | | |
Pinyin: Dang Gui
Chinese: 當歸
Pharmaceutical: Radix Angelicae sinensis
Taxonomy: Angelica sinensis
English: Chinese Angelica Root / Tang-Kuei / Dong Quai Root
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Tastes: Sweet, Pungent, Warm
Meridians Entered: Heart and Liver
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Actions & Indications:
- Tonifies the Blood and regulates the menses
Blood Deficiency, especially when affecting the Heart and Liver with pale, ashen complexion, lusterless nails, tinnitus, blurred vision and palpitations
Blood Deficiency associated irregular menstruation, amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea
- Invigorates and harmonizes the Blood and disperses Cold (stops pain due to Blood Stasis)
Blood Stasis causing abdominal pain and carbuncles and pain due to Blood Stasis from traumatic injury, especially when accompanied by Deficiency Cold
Postpartum menstruation
Pregnancy (use with caution)
Blood Deficiency with chronic Wind-Damp-Bi
- Moistens the Intestines and unblocks the bowels
Dry Intestines due to Blood Deficiency
- Reduces swelling, expels pus, generates flesh and alleviates pain
Sores and abscess (Chuang Yung), internally and topically
- Stops coughing and treats dyspnea
Used adjunctively for coughing
- Tonifies the Blood while suppressing Parasites
Gu Sydnrome (Fruehauf, 1998)
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
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Standard Dosage: 6-12g in decoction.
Cautions: It is contraindicated in cases of Damp-Heat stagnating in the Middle, Lung Heat with Phlegm Fire, and Yin deficiency with effulgent Yang because it is warm and sweet in properties. In addition, it should be used with caution in cases of loose stool because it can moisten intestines to smooth stool.
Many sources recommend using caution, avoiding or only taking under guidance of a TCM physician during pregnancy as it can cause uterine contractions. However, there are no studies supporting this and the only scientific literature seems to suggest that Z-Ligustilide has anti-spasmodic activities that alleviate dysmenorrhoea by inhibiting uterine contractions (Du et al., 2006; Dietz et al., 2016).
Caution is also advised in breast cancer patients due to its oestrogen stimulating activity. This based upon Lau et al (2005) who found it may stimulate breast cancer growth in vitro, however Yue et al, (2019) demonstrated that it is not that stimulatory in breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo through a series of tests, although they suggested it should still be used with caution in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Conversely, a large population study in Taiwan by Wu et al (2014) found it reduced the subsequent risk of endometrial cancer in breast cancer survivors taking tamoxifen, especially in those of reproductive age. |
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